Encontró una tablet que no solo almacenaba memoria, sino que también la creaba. ¿Hasta dónde estarías dispuesto a llegar por un recuerdo perfecto? El Oráculo de los 24 Atardeceres El paquete llegó sin remitente, solo una etiqueta con su nombre: “ Dr. Alvaro Rojas , para sus atardeceres” . Adentro, envuelta en un silicio suave como terciopelo negro, estaba la Tablet Android 15 de 10.1 pulgadas . No parecía salida de una fábrica, sino cultivada . Su pantalla HD de 2560x1440 píxeles era un estanque de obsidiana líquida, profundo y listo para reflejar mundos. Alvaro, neurólogo retirado y viudo, la encendió. El Octa Core no roncó; susurró al ser activado. Pero el verdadero gancho no fue su velocidad, sino la primera notificación: *“ Memoria principal: 24GB . Memoria expandible detectada: +8GB . Espacio emocional disponible : Ilimitado. ¿Importar recuerdo clave?”*. Con un pulso tembloroso, Alvaro seleccionó el video más preciado de su archivo: ...
Petrol prices reflect lots of elements not just crude oil wholesale cost.
Andrew Barron, Swansea UniversityAcross the UK the cost of filling up cars shot up in November when wholesale oil prices rose. But when crude oil prices went down again, costs at the pump did not drop back to previous levels. This has prompted UK motoring organisation, the RAC, to complain that drivers are being overcharged. So, what is going on?
Traditionally UK petrol prices have a strong relationship to the price of oil, but there has always been an asymmetry in how price changes are applied. While a rise in crude prices is passed on to the consumer within a month, cost reductions usually take somewhat longer to feed through to pump prices.
Although the average pump price has slowly inched down since late November, the decrease has not been as large as expected based upon the wholesale price. So, on this basis, it would appear that petrol station owners are taking advantage of the consumer. But is that the whole story?
How is the petrol price calculated?
The price that is paid for petrol at the pump is made of a number of factors. The largest portion is fuel duty (which is set at 57.95 pence a litre), this is followed by the cost of petrol itself, which includes the cost of the raw element (crude oil) and its refinement. Tax in the form of VAT (20%) is applied to petrol purchases. These are all built in to the cost of petrol by the retailer. Profit has been traditionally about 5% of the total price. Finally, the cost of delivery and distribution accounts for just under 2% of the total cost.
If the cost of the petrol was the only factor in determining its price, then pump prices would track the wholesale price, but there is more to the business than that.
What is not included in the cost breakdown for petrol is the cost of running a petrol station, including wages for staff, electricity costs, rates and property costs. All of these have risen recently. The increase in the cost of operating a petrol station has also been exacerbated by a decrease in consumption.
Estimates show motor vehicles travelled about 16% less than pre-pandemic levels. Miles driven went from around 9,200 miles in 2002 to 6,800 miles in 2020.
This is supported by data from the government’s business energy and industrial strategy, which reported that for most of December petrol sales volumes were running at 90% of pre-pandemic levels and – for the week ending January 6 – were at 60%. Irrespective of the exact numbers, it is clear that less miles and therefore less fuel is being consumed.
There are other factors. Supplying just petrol to a motorist paying by credit card for example, can mean that the petrol station can also lose money on the transaction due to card charges. As a consequence, the majority of profit at a petrol station is not from the fuel but from the attached shop where the retail operation can generate a decent profit. The overall profitability of a retail petrol station is dependant more on the shop than petrol. So pump prices could stay higher to make up for decreasing income from the shop.
As a consequence, with less foot traffic to the stores connected to petrol stations, but with certain fixed (and possibly increasing) costs such as electricity and wages, petrol retailers may have been forced to adjust pricing to ensure an overall profit.
A future for petrol stations?
So the apparent decoupling of the wholesale and pump prices may signal an end to the pricing peculiarities that evolved in the UK due to price competition – going forward price changes may be more affected by profit margins. Whether this is just a kneejerk reaction or whether it’s going to be the new norm, only time will tell.
Nevertheless, these issues around profitability for petrol stations will be further tested with the ever-increasing percentage of electric vehicles (EVs) on UK roads. After all, if you “fill up” with electricity at home or work why do you need to stop at a small speciality store for supplies. You may just as well stop at a traditional grocery store or a smaller supermarket that will have a wider range of produce.
Those drivers not using EVs over the next few years are going to find changes in the cost of petrol since they will have to shoulder an increasing burden of the current business model for old-style petrol stations.
Andrew Barron, Sêr Cymru Chair of Low Carbon Energy and Environment, Swansea University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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